{"id":5069,"date":"2025-02-18T00:41:55","date_gmt":"2025-02-17T23:41:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tishk.org\/pe\/?p=5069"},"modified":"2025-02-18T00:41:55","modified_gmt":"2025-02-17T23:41:55","slug":"%d8%a6%d8%a7%d9%88%da%95%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86%db%95%d9%88%db%95%db%8c%db%95%da%a9-%d9%84%db%95-%da%86%db%95%d9%85%da%a9%db%8c-%d8%b3%db%95%d8%b1%d9%88%db%95%d8%b1%db%8c%db%8c_%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tishk.org\/pe\/2025\/02\/18\/%d8%a6%d8%a7%d9%88%da%95%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86%db%95%d9%88%db%95%db%8c%db%95%da%a9-%d9%84%db%95-%da%86%db%95%d9%85%da%a9%db%8c-%d8%b3%db%95%d8%b1%d9%88%db%95%d8%b1%db%8c%db%8c_%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0626\u0627\u0648\u0695\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9 \u0644\u06d5 \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06cc \u00ab\u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06cc_\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u00bb \u0648\u06d5\u06a9 \u062a\u06d5\u06a9\u0646\u06c6\u0644\u06c6\u0698\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u06ce\u0632"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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DOI<\/strong>\u00a010.69939\/TISHK0<\/a>071<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n

\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0631\u062a\u0646\u06cc PDF<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u062f\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0645\u0648\u06b5\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0639\u06d5\u0631\u062f\u060c<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0686\u06d5<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0631\u06ce\u0645\u06ce\u06a9<\/sup> \u0628\u0648\u0648\u0628\u06ce\u062a<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u061b<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0631\u06d5\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u062f\u06cc\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0648\u06b5\u06d5\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u0648\u062f\u06ce\u0631\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0628\u0627\u06b5\u0627\u062f\u06d5\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u062a\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062a\u0631\u060c<\/sup> \u0645\u0627\u0641\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u067e\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u062c\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0632<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0634\u06ce\u0648\u06d5\u0698\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u062a\u0631<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0648\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0686\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u067e\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0648\u06d5<\/sup>. <\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/sup>\u0695\u06d5\u062e\u0646\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u062e\u06c6\u06cc\u060c<\/sup> \u0646\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u0632<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u06b5\u0633\u06d5\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u0632\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u0633\u0648\u0648\u0686\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u0632\u06d5\u0642\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0642\u06d5\u06b5\u0634\u062a\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u06ce\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/sup> 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\u0695\u06c6\u0698\u0647\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u0695\u0627\u0633\u062a<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u0628\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u0695\u06c6\u0698\u0647\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u062a\u06ce\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0648\u06d5<\/sup>.<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u06c6\u0645\u06d5\u06b5\u06af\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u06d5\u062f\u06d5\u0646\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06d5\u0642\u06cc\u0646\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062a<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d5<\/sup>\u201d (Rousseau; 1997). <\/sup>\u06a9\u06c6\u0645\u06d5\u06b5\u06af\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u06d5\u062f\u06d5\u0646\u06cc\u0634\u060c<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u06d5\u0695\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u062c\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u062a\u06ce\u0631\u0645\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0641\u06d5\u0644\u0633\u06d5\u0641\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0628\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u0646<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06ce\u06a9<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> 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\u0645\u06c6\u062f\u06ce\u0631\u0646<\/sup> \u0648\u06ce\u0646\u0627<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u062a<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0644\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u0628\u0646\u06d5\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u0648\u0648<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06ce<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0632\u06d5\u0648\u06cc\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06d5<\/sup> \u062c\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u06c6\u0646\u062a\u0631\u06c6\u06b5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0641\u06d5\u0632\u0627<\/sup>1<\/sup>\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u0648\u0648<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0641\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u06d5\u0631\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06c6<\/sup> \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u0631\u06c6\u06a4<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> 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\u06af\u06d5\u0634\u06d5\u067e\u06ce\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0695\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06ce\u06a9\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u06af\u06c6\u0695\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u06d5\u06cc\u0648\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u06af\u06d5\u06b5<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0632\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0647\u06d5\u0645\u0647\u06ce\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0641\u06c6\u0695\u0645\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u06d5\u062a\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup> –<\/sup>\u062f\u06d5\u0648\u06b5\u06d5\u062a\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648\u062a\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06c6\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u06af\u06cc\u062f\u06ce\u0646\u0632<\/sup> \u0628\u0648\u0648\u0648<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u201c<\/sup>\u062f\u06d5\u0641\u0631\u06ce\u06a9<\/sup> \u0628\u06c6<\/sup> \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u0632<\/sup>\u201d <\/sup>\u0648<\/sup> \u062e\u06c6\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u06af\u06c6\u0695\u06d5\u067e\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06d5\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u062c\u06cc\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0631\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0648\u06d5<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0626\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0698\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0641\u0631\u060c<\/sup> \u0632\u06d5\u0631\u0641\u060c<\/sup> \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d5\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u0641\u06d5\u0632\u0627<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u060c<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0686\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u0632<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0647\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u062f\u06ce\u062a<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u0632\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0648\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0631<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0647\u06ce\u0646\u0631\u06ce\u062a<\/sup> (Giddens; 1981-1987).<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/sup>\u0644\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u0628\u0646\u06d5\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u0648\u0648<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0641\u0648\u06a9\u06c6<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0686\u0627\u0648\u067e\u06ce\u06a9\u06d5\u0648\u062a\u0646\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u06af\u06d5\u06b5<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u06af\u06c6\u06a4\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u0631\u06c6\u062f\u060c<\/sup> \u0644\u06ce\u06a9\u06c6\u06b5\u06cc\u0646\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647\u06ce\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u06c6\u06b5\u06ce\u0646\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0641\u06d5\u0632\u0627\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0631\u06d5\u0648<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0631\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u062a<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup>\u00a0 <\/sup>\u067e\u06ce\u06cc<\/sup> \u0648\u0627\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0686\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0632\u06d5\u0648\u06cc\u060c<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u060c<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0639\u06d5\u0631\u062f\u060c<\/sup>\u00a0 <\/sup>\u0628\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0645\u0648\u0648<\/sup> \u0634\u062a\u06ce\u06a9<\/sup> \u062a\u06ce\u06af\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup>–<\/sup>\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0640\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup>: <\/sup>\u0695\u0648\u0648\u0628\u06d5\u0631\u06ce\u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u06c6\u06cc<\/sup> \u062c\u06c6\u0631\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u0628\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u0640\u0640\u0632\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u06c6\u0646\u062a\u0631\u06c6\u06b5<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06a9\u0631\u06ce\u062a<\/sup> (Foucault, 954\u20131988, vol. 3). <\/sup>\u0628\u06ce<\/sup> \u06af\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u0634\u0631\u06c6\u06a4\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0641\u0648\u06a9\u06c6\u060c<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0631\u06a9\u06d5\u0648\u062a\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u06d5\u0648\u062a\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u0648\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0631\u06ce\u0698<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u06b5\u06c6\u0632\u06a9\u0627\u0648\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06ce<\/sup> \u0647\u0632\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u06a9\u06c6\u0645\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u062a\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0648\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u062e\u06c6\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0695\u0648\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0628\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u0648\u0648\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0632<\/sup> (<\/sup>\u0661\u0666\u0663\u0668<\/sup>– <\/sup>\u0661\u0665\u0666\u0663<\/sup>)<\/sup>\u060c<\/sup> \u062a\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0645\u0627\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0633<\/sup> \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633<\/sup> \u0628\u06ce\u06cc\u06a9\u0646<\/sup> (<\/sup>\u0661\u0666\u0662\u0666<\/sup>– <\/sup>\u0661\u0665\u0666\u0661<\/sup> ) <\/sup>\u0648<\/sup> \u0628\u06c6\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/sup>–<\/sup>\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0648\u06d5<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0626\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0632<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u06cc<\/sup> \u0648\u0627\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u067e\u06c6\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0633\u060c<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06d5\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u062a\u06cc\u06c6\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06d5\u062a\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0645\u0648\u0648<\/sup> \u0634\u062a\u06ce\u06a9<\/sup> \u062f\u06b5\u06d5\u0695\u0627\u0648\u06a9\u06ce\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0641\u0627\u06a9\u062a<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0686\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u0640\u0640\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup>2<\/sup>\u0647\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0631<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0628\u06d5\u0633\u062a\u0646<\/sup> \u0628\u0640\u0640\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06af\u06ce\u0695\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0695\u0627\u06a4\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06c6<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06b5\u06ce\u062a<\/sup>: \u00ab<\/sup>\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u0647\u0648\u0646\u06d5\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u06d5\u06cc\u0648\u06d5\u0633\u062a\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> (consociandi) <\/sup>\u0645\u0631\u06c6\u06a4\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0647<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u067e\u06ce\u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0645\u06d5\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u060c<\/sup> \u067e\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06d5\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0698\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u06c6\u0645\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u06ce\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/sup>\u00bb. <\/sup>\u0644\u06ce\u0631\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0648\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648\u06cc<\/sup> (symbiotik\u00e9)<\/sup>\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06ce<\/sup> \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0648\u06d5<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0644\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u0628\u0646\u06d5\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u0645\u0698\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u067e\u06d5\u06cc\u0648\u06d5\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06d5<\/sup> (consociatio) <\/sup>\u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06cc<\/sup> \u062e\u06c6\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u060c<\/sup> \u0647\u0627\u0648\u062f\u0698\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u06af\u0631\u06ce\u0628\u06d5\u0633\u062a\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u0627\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06d5<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u062e\u06c6\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u06b5\u06ce\u0646\u062f\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0633\u062a<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0646<\/sup> \u0628\u06c6<\/sup> \u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0647\u0627\u0648\u067e\u06d5\u06cc\u0648\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u0648\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u0646\u06d5<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0645\u06d5\u0695<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0634\u062a\u06ce\u06a9<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u06c6<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06af\u06d5\u0695\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0645\u06c6\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u0698\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u06c6\u0645\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u062a\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u062e\u06c6\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/sup> \u0628\u06ce\u062a<\/sup>.\u00a0 <\/sup>\u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u0695\u0648\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u0644\u062a\u06c6\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0632<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0648<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5\u0633\u0640\u0640\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u0627\u0641\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u0640\u0640\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> (majestatis capita) <\/sup>\u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0640\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u0628\u06ce<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u060c<\/sup> \u067e\u06d5\u06cc\u0648\u06d5\u0633\u0640\u0640\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062c\u06cc\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> (universalem consociationem) <\/sup>\u0644\u06d5\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/sup>… <\/sup>\u0633\u0640\u0640\u06d5\u0631\u06c6\u06a9\u060c<\/sup> \u0645\u06cc\u0640\u0640\u0631\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0695\u06ce\u0648\u06d5\u0628\u0640\u0640\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0633\u0640\u0640\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u0648\u06b5\u0627\u062a\u06ce\u0640\u0640\u06a9<\/sup> (Reip gubernator) <\/sup>\u0628\u06d5\u0628\u06ce<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u0632\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0628\u06ce<\/sup> \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06af\u06d5\u0695\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> (majestatis)<\/sup>\u060c<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0628\u06ce<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u06cc\u0686<\/sup> (Stiuart;2005, 282).<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u0695\u0648\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u06ce\u0632<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u067e\u06ce\u06cc<\/sup> \u06af\u06d5\u0634\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u06ce\u0698\u0648\u0648\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0648\u067e\u0627\u060c<\/sup> \u0634\u0627\u0631\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u062e\u06c6\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u062c\u06cc\u0627<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> (jus territori) <\/sup>\u0648\u0627\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u0645\u0627\u0641\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u062e\u06c6\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646\u061b<\/sup> \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0645\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u06b5\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u06a9\u06d5\u0631\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062c\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u06af\u06d5\u06b5<\/sup> \u062a\u06cc\u06c6\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u06d5\u0646\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0648<\/sup> \u0633\u0640\u0640\u06d5\u0631\u062f\u06d5\u0645\u062f\u0627\u060c<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0631\u062e\u06d5\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06c6\u062e\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0686\u06d5\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0634\u0627\u0631\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646<\/sup> (civitatis) <\/sup>\u0628\u0648\u0648<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u062e\u06c6\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u0646<\/sup>\u00a0 <\/sup>\u0695\u06ce\u0633\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u062c\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0632<\/sup> \u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u062e\u0633\u0640\u0640\u062a\u0646\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u06d5\u06cc\u0648\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u06ce\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0641\u06d5\u0632\u0627<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u060c<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0698\u06d5\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0627\u060c<\/sup> \u0695\u06d5\u0646\u06af\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> (rex imperator in regno suo)<\/sup>\u061b<\/sup> \u0648\u0627\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u062f\u0634\u0640\u0640\u0627<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0628\u062e\u0627\u062a\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u062e\u06c6\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0626\u06cc\u0645\u067e\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06c6\u0631\u06ce\u06a9<\/sup> \u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646\u060c<\/sup> \u062f\u06c6\u062e\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u0647\u0627<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0634\u060c<\/sup> \u0695\u06d5\u0646\u06af\u06d5<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u062f\u06d5\u0645\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0628\u0648\u0648\u0628\u06ce\u062a\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u0645<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0695\u06d5\u0648\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u06ce\u0698\u0648\u0648\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u060c<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0631\u06d5\u0641\u06d5\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0632\u06c6\u0631<\/sup> \u0647\u06c6\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u062c\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u06cc\u0633<\/sup> \u0686\u0648\u0648<\/sup>. <\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/sup>\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633<\/sup> \u0628\u06ce\u06cc\u06a9\u06d5\u0646<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u06c6\u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0647\u06d5\u0645\u06cc<\/sup> \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u0627\u06b5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0661\u0666\u0661\u0662\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0628\u06b5\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0628\u0648\u0648\u06d5\u062a\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u0686\u0648\u0627\u0631<\/sup> \u062a\u06ce\u0632<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0628\u06c6\u0686\u0648\u0648\u0646<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u0634\u06a9\u06d5\u0634<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u062a<\/sup>: <\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/sup>\u0647\u06d5\u0631\u06ce\u0645\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u062a\u06ce\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u06a9\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u0628\u06d5\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0628\u0646\u060c<\/sup> \u0648\u0627\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u067e\u06d5\u0631\u0634\u0648\u0628\u06b5\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0646\u06d5\u0628\u0646<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/sup>\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0686\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u062f\u06b5\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u06af\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0648\u06b5\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u0628\u06ce\u062a<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u0631\u06ce\u0632\u06af\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> [<\/sup>\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0686\u06d5<\/sup>] <\/sup>\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0634<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u06b5\u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06a9\u06d5\u0646<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/sup>\u0686\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0641\u06d5\u0632\u06cc\u0644\u06d5\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u0634\u0640\u0640\u06d5\u0695\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0648\u06b5\u06d5\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0628\u06ce<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u0645\u062f\u06d5\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u06af\u06d5\u0648\u0631\u06d5\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u0648\u06b5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u062a\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06ce\u062a<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/sup>\u067e\u0627\u0631\u06ce\u0632\u06af\u0627<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u06d5\u062a\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0628\u06ce<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06a9<\/sup> \u0628\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0634\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0686\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u0648\u0648\u062f\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0647\u06d5\u0645\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u0634\u06a9\u06d5\u0634<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0648\u06b5\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u0628\u06a9\u06d5\u0646<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0626\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u062a\u06ce\u0632\u06d5<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0628\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0647\u06c6\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u0640\u0640\u06d5\u0631\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u06af\u0631\u0646\u06af\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u0648\u0627\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u0695\u06c6\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0628\u06ce\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u06c6\u06cc<\/sup> \u0647\u0627\u0648\u0633\u06d5\u0646\u06af\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u06ce\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u062d\u06d5\u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0631\u06ce\u0645\u062f\u0627<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0647\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u0646\u06d5\u0645\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0648\u06b5\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0627<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0695\u06ce\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0648<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u0646<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u0632\u0627\u0646\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0631\u062f\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u0648\u0646<\/sup> \u06a9\u0647<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0633\u0640\u0640\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u0646<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0628\u06c6\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u06b5\u0648\u06d5\u0634\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u061b<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0645\u06d5\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u061b<\/sup> \u06a9\u06c6\u0646\u062a\u0631\u06c6\u06b5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0698\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0645\u06d5\u0631\u06af\u06cc<\/sup> \u062e\u06d5\u06b5\u06a9\u060c<\/sup> \u0634\u06d5\u0695<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u0634\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0647\u0627<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06d5\u0645\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d5\u067e\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u0632<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0648\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u062a\u06ce\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06a9\u0631\u06ce\u062a<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0628\u06ce\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u0646\u06d5\u0645\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> (Bacon; 1862\u201372) .<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0698\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0628\u06c6\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/sup> (<\/sup>\u0661\u0665\u0669\u0666<\/sup>–<\/sup>\u0661\u0665\u0663\u0660<\/sup>)\u00a0 <\/sup>\u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0645\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0640\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u06c6\u062f\u06ce\u0631\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u062a\u06cc\u06c6\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u0640\u0640\u06cc\u06d5\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0695\u06ce\u0698\u06d5\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u060c<\/sup>\u00a0 <\/sup>\u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u062a\u06ce\u0628\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u06cc\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0698\u06ce\u0631<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648\u06cc<\/sup> (Six livres de la r\u00e9publique) <\/sup>\u067e\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06af<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0645\u06d5\u0695<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0648\u0698\u06ce\u0646\u06ce\u062a<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u067e\u0631\u0633\u06ce\u062a<\/sup>:\u00a0 \u2018\u2019<\/sup>\u0647\u06ce\u0632<\/sup> \u062a\u0627<\/sup> \u0686<\/sup> \u0695\u0627\u062f\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0631\u06ce\u0645<\/sup> [<\/sup>\u0648<\/sup> \u0632\u06d5\u0648\u06cc<\/sup>]<\/sup>\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0631<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0647\u06ce\u0646\u0631\u06ce\u062a<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062a\u0627<\/sup> \u0686<\/sup> \u0695\u0627\u062f\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0631\u06ce\u0645<\/sup> [<\/sup>\u0648<\/sup> \u0639\u06d5\u0631\u062f<\/sup>] <\/sup>\u0645\u0698\u0627\u0631<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0631\u0641\u06d5\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> [<\/sup>\u067e\u06ce\u06a9\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0646\u06cc<\/sup>] <\/sup>\u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u061f<\/sup>\u2019\u2019 ((Elden; 2013, 261. <\/sup>\u0647\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0628\u06c6\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u06c6\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0634\u06cc<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0634\u062a\u06d5\u0645\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u062a\u06ce\u0628\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u06cc\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0645\u06d5\u0695<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u06cc<\/sup> \u0648\u0627\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup>:\u00a0 <\/sup>\u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> (la souverainet\u00e9) <\/sup>\u062f\u06d5\u0633\u0640\u0640\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u06d5\u0647\u0627<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062a\u0627\u0647\u06d5\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> (puissance absolue) <\/sup>\u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0695\u0627\u062f\u06d5\u0633\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u06c6\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06ce\u06a9<\/sup> \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0648\u06d5<\/sup>. <\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u06c6\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0634\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u062a\u06ce\u0628\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u060c<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0645\u06d5\u06b5\u0628\u06d5\u0646\u062f<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u06af\u06d5\u06b5<\/sup> \u0641\u06d5\u0632\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u0698\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u067e\u06cc\u062a<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062d\u06d5\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06af\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0647\u06c6\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0686\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06af\u0631\u06ce\u062a<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0628\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u0645<\/sup> \u0628\u06c6\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0695\u0627\u0634\u0640\u0640\u06a9\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06d5<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u06cc<\/sup> \u0648\u0627\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0634\u0640\u0640\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u062e\u06c6\u06cc\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0628\u06d5\u0634<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u06ce\u062a<\/sup> (<\/sup>\u0662\u0661\u0663<\/sup>). <\/sup>\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0645\u06d5\u0634<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u062c\u06c6\u0631\u06ce\u06a9<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0645\u06c6\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0634\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0686\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u0634\u0646\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0648\u0631\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u062a\u06ce\u06a9\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u067e\u0648\u0648\u0686<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0698\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> (<\/sup>\u0662\u0661\u0664<\/sup>).\u00a0 <\/sup>\u0626\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u062a\u06ce\u0695\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06c6\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c<\/sup> \u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0695\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062c\u06cc\u06c6\u06a4\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06c6\u062a\u06ce\u0631\u06c6<\/sup> (<\/sup>\u0661\u0665\u0664\u0664<\/sup>–<\/sup>\u0661\u0666\u0661\u0667<\/sup>)<\/sup>\u060c<\/sup> \u0646\u0648\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0640\u06d5\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u06b5\u0640\u0640\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u06d5\u0646\u06af<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u062f\u0627\u062a\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0647\u06d5\u0645\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u060c<\/sup> \u0634\u0627\u0631<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9\u0648\u0648<\/sup> \u06a9\u06c6\u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u062e\u06d5\u06b5\u06a9\u060c<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u062c\u06a4\u0627\u06a9\u06ce\u06a9<\/sup> \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u062f\u0631\u06ce\u062a<\/sup> \u062a\u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0648<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u0634\u06ce\u0648\u06d5\u0698\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062e\u06c6\u0634\u0628\u0698\u06ce\u0648\u062a\u0631<\/sup> \u0628\u0698\u06cc\u0646<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0644\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u062a\u06ce\u0695\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u06d5\u062f\u0627\u060c<\/sup> \u06af\u06d5\u0648\u0631\u06d5\u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0634\u0627\u0631\u060c<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u06af\u0631\u06ce\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0648\u06cc<\/sup> \u0641\u0631\u06d5\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0634\u0627\u0631\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0648\u0631\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u062a\u06cc<\/sup>.<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0642\u06c6\u0646\u0627\u062e\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u060c<\/sup> \u062a\u06c6\u0645\u0627\u0633<\/sup> \u0647\u06c6\u0628\u0632\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u0648\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u062a\u06ce\u0628\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06ce\u06a4\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0648\u06b5\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0628\u06c6<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u06a9\u0647\u06ce\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u0627\u06b5\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06ce\u06a9<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u06ce\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u0632\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u0646\u06d5\u0645\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06ce\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0648\u0631<\/sup> \u0628\u062e\u0648\u06b5\u0642\u06ce\u0646\u06ce\u062a<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0648\u06ce\u0646\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u0648\u0648\u0628\u0647<\/sup> \u0631\u06af\u06cc<\/sup> \u201c<\/sup>\u0644\u06ce\u06a4\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646<\/sup>\u201d<\/sup>\u060c<\/sup> \u062d\u0627\u06a9\u0645\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0634\u0645\u0634\u06ce\u0631<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u06af\u06c6\u0686\u0627\u0646\u06ce\u06a9\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup> (<\/sup>\u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0648<\/sup>) <\/sup>\u062f\u06d5\u0646\u06d5\u062e\u0634\u06ce\u0646\u06ce<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0695\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06ce\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u0634\u0627\u0631<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u062c\u06d5\u0633\u062a\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u062d\u0627\u06a9\u0645<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u062c\u06d5\u0633\u062a\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u062e\u06d5\u06b5\u06a9\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a<\/sup> \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0648\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0698\u06ce\u0631\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u0648\u0648\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0648\u06d5<\/sup>: (Non est potestas Super Terram quae Comparatur)<\/sup>\u060c<\/sup> \u0648\u0627\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u06cc\u0686<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u0632\u06ce\u06a9<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u0640\u0640\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0632\u06d5\u0648\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u06af\u06d5\u06b5\u06cc\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062f<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u06ce\u062a<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0626\u06d5\u0645\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u062f\u0648\u0627<\/sup> \u0642\u06c6\u0646\u0627\u062e\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u062f\u06cc\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u062e\u06c6\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u062e\u0632\u06ce\u0646\u06ce\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0628\u0646\u06d5\u0645\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0648\u06b5\u06d5\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u06c6\u062f\u06ce\u0631\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0628\u06ce\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u0648\u0648<\/sup> \u0695\u06d5\u0647\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06d5\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup>: <\/sup>\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u0645\u060c<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u067e\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u0632<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0695\u06ce\u06af\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0645\u06d5\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062e\u06c6\u06cc\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0686\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u0628\u06d5\u062a\u060c<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u062a\u0631\u061b<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0648\u0631\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u0648\u0648\u0646<\/sup> \u0628\u06c6<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u067e\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u0632<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u062a<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0627<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0647\u06d5\u0645\u0628\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0686\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0648\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0698\u06ce\u0631<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06d5\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0628\u06d5\u0634\u06cc<\/sup> \u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u067e\u06d5\u06cc\u0648\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u06ce\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0648\u06b5\u06d5\u062a<\/sup>–<\/sup>\u06a9\u06c6\u0645\u06d5\u06b5\u06af\u0627<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0628\u06d5\u062e\u06c6\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u06ce\u0698\u06d5\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0648\u06b5\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u0633\u062a<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0634\u06d5<\/sup> \u062c\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u06c6\u0645\u06d5\u06b5\u06af\u0627<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u062a<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0695\u06d5\u0647\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u0648\u0648\u0647\u06d5\u0645\u060c<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u062a\u06cc\u06c6\u0631\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u06d5\u06cc\u0648\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0646\u06d5\u062a\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0695\u06d5\u0646\u06af<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u062f\u0627\u062a\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0633\u0640\u0640\u06d5\u0631\u0646\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u0646\u062f<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u06b5\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u06c6\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u0627\u06a9\u06b5\u06cc<\/sup> \u062a\u06ce\u06af\u06d5\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0646<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u06af\u0631\u06ce\u0628\u06d5\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0648\u06ce\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0627<\/sup>–<\/sup>\u06cc\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u0646<\/sup> \u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u0628\u06d5\u062a\u06d5<\/sup>.<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0626\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u0627\u0633<\/sup> \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u060c<\/sup> \u0634\u06ce\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u06d5\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u06af\u06d5\u0634\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u060c<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0695\u06ce\u06a9\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u06d5\u06cc\u0648\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u06ce\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0634\u0648\u06ce\u0646<\/sup>–<\/sup>\u0641\u06d5\u0632\u0627<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u0632\u060c<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0695\u06d5\u0648\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0648\u067e\u0627<\/sup> \u0628\u0648\u0648<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06a9\u0631\u06ce\u062a<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u062a\u06d5\u06a9\u0646\u06c6\u0644\u06c6\u0698\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u06cc\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06a9\u0631\u06ce\u062a\u061b<\/sup> \u0648\u0627\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u067e\u06d5\u06cc\u0648\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u06ce\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0648\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0686\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> ( <\/sup>\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631<\/sup> \u0646\u06d5\u062a\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup>) <\/sup>\u0648<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0648\u06b5\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0686\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0686\u06ce\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0641\u06d5\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0628\u06cc\u0686\u0645<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06af\u0631\u06ce\u062a<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627<\/sup>–<\/sup>\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0686\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0647\u06d5\u0645\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06ce\u0646\u06ce\u062a<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648\u062a\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0641\u0648\u0648\u06b5\u0628\u0631\u0648\u06a9\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06cc\u0686\u0645\u06af\u0631\u062a\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0648\u06b5\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0695\u0648\u0648\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u06ce\u0698\u0648\u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u0627\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u06af\u06d5\u06b5<\/sup> \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0645\u06d5\u062a\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0632<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0631\u06ce\u0645\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u0648\u0648\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0640\u06d5\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0695\u06ce\u0648\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u06a9\u06c6\u0646\u062a\u0631\u06c6\u06b5\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u060c<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u0634<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u0645\u06af\u06d5\u0628\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u06c6\u06a9\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u06d5\u062a\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u0648\u0648\u06d5<\/sup> (Kirby 2005). <\/sup>\u0647\u06c6\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u0634\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u0628\u06d5\u062a\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u0644\u06a9\u06d5\u0686\u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/sup> \u0628\u06c6<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0645\u0631\u06c6\u06a4<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0628\u06ce\u062a\u060c<\/sup> \u0645\u0644\u06a9\u06d5\u0686\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u0640\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u062a\u06d5\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0648\u06b5\u06d5\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u06c6\u062f\u06ce\u0631\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0647\u06ce\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u06d5\u062a\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u062a\u06ce\u06cc\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u062c\u06ce\u0628\u06d5\u062c\u06ce<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06a9\u0631\u06ce\u062a<\/sup>: <\/sup>\u062e\u0627\u06a9<\/sup> \u0645\u06d5\u0648\u062f\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0647\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0628\u06c6\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0686\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0648\u06cc<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06d5\u0645\u06d5\u0632\u0631\u06ce\u062a<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0648\u0627\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06d5\u062a\u060c<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0648\u06b5\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0641\u06d5\u0632\u0627<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0631\u06ce\u0645\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u06a9<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06af\u06d5\u0646<\/sup>.<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0633<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0633\u062a\u06ce\u0646\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u062c\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u06af\u06d5\u0695\u0627\u0646\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u06c6<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0633\u067e\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u0646\u0648\u0648\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u062f\u06d5\u0645\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u06c6\u062f\u06ce\u0695\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0648\u06b5\u06d5\u062a\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0645\u06d5\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> (The territorial state)<\/sup>\u060c<\/sup> \u0646\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0628\u0648\u0648\u06d5\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0698\u0645\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u06b5\u06a9\u0648\u0648<\/sup> \u0647\u0627\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u062a<\/sup> \u0628\u0648\u0648\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06cc\u0634<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u062a\u0631\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u0646\u06c6\u0631\u0645<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u062e\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0648\u06b5\u06d5\u062a\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06c6\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u062e\u0648\u06b5\u0642\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0633<\/sup> \u06a9\u0627\u0631<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u062a<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0634\u06ce\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u06af\u06d5\u0634\u06d5\u067e\u06ce\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0648\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u06c6\u06cc<\/sup> \u062a\u06c6\u0695\u06d5<\/sup> \u062c\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0648\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u06a9\u06c6\u0645\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u062a\u06cc\u060c<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u06af\u06d5\u06b5<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0648\u0633\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u06a9\u06d5\u0628\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u0648\u06ce\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06ce<\/sup> (Elden, 2005). <\/sup>\u0626\u06d5\u0645\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0648<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u201c<\/sup>\u0641\u06d5\u0632\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u0648\u06ce\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0645\u06d5\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup>\u201d <\/sup>\u0628\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06ce<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06a9\u0631\u06ce\u062a<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0698\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0648\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06c6\u0646\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u0645\u060c<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06ce<\/sup> \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062c\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u06d5\u0632\u0645\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u06c6\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062a\u06ce\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0648<\/sup> \u0646\u06d5\u0632\u0645\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u06c6\u0646\u06d5\u0634<\/sup> \u0628\u06ce\u062a\u060c<\/sup> \u0634\u06c6\u0695\u0634\u06af\u06ce\u0631<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u06a9\u06c6\u0646\u0633\u06ce\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06a4<\/sup> \u0628\u06ce\u062a\u060c<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0633\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0634<\/sup> \u0628\u06ce\u062a<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0628\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u0645<\/sup> \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06af\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u0641\u06d5\u0632\u0627<\/sup> \u0646\u0648\u06ce\u06cc\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c<\/sup> \u06af\u0631\u06ce\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0648\u06cc<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0686\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u062e\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0647\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u062f\u06ce\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u06c6\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0644\u06d5\u0646\u0648\u06ce<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0647\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u062f\u06ce\u0646\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup>.<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u062f\u06d5\u0645\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u06d5\u0647\u0644\u06d5\u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c<\/sup> \u0695\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0645\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06ce\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u06ce\u0648\u0646\u062c\u06cc<\/sup> \u201c<\/sup>\u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627<\/sup>– <\/sup>\u0626\u06ce\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/sup>\u201d <\/sup>\u0648<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0645\u06d5\u06a9\u06c6\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup>\u00a0 <\/sup>\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u201c<\/sup>\u0695\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0632\u06ce\u0695\u06cc\u0646<\/sup>\u201d <\/sup>\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u0648\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0645\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06ce\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06c6<\/sup> \u06af\u0634\u062a<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0648\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0631\u06ce\u0645\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u06a9<\/sup> \u0628\u06ce\u0646\u06ce\u062a<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0626\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0645\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u06c6\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u067e\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u06a9\u0647\u06ce\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/sup>–<\/sup>\u067e\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u062f\u06d5\u06cc\u06cc\u060c<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0632\u06c6\u0631<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9\u06c6\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u060c<\/sup> \u0695\u06ce\u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0634\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0695\u06d5\u0646\u06af\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0648\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0648\u0627\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0645\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0686\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0686\u06ce\u0648\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u06a9\u060c<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0698\u06ce\u0631<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06ce\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646\u060c<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0632\u06c6\u0631<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0642\u0627\u0645\u06af\u06cc\u0631<\/sup> \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0648<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0628\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u0645<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u0648\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u0634\u06c6\u0631\u0634\u06cc<\/sup> \u0661\u0669\u0667\u0669\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0632\u06c6\u0631<\/sup> \u0647\u06c6\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup>–<\/sup>\u06a9\u06c6\u0645\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u062c\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0632\u060c<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0647\u06ce\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u201c<\/sup>\u0627\u0645\u062a<\/sup>\u201d<\/sup>\u060c<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631\u060c<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0698\u0645\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u201c<\/sup>\u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06d5<\/sup>–<\/sup>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/sup>\u201d <\/sup>\u0628\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0648\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0647\u0627<\/sup> \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u06af\u0644\u06c6\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06c6\u0646\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u0628\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u062f\u0648\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u0627\u06b5\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0662\u0660\u0660\u0660\u060c<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9\u06c6\u0631\u0633\u06d5<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u067e\u06d5\u0631\u0686\u06d5\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06ce\u06a9<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0645\u0628\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u0645\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d5\u067e\u0627\u0648\u062f\u0627\u060c<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u062f\u06cc<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u062f\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0646\u06d5\u062a\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u0627\u0648\u0626\u0627\u0648\u06ce\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u0646<\/sup> (Gellner 1994, 1) <\/sup>\u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0632\u06d5\u06cc\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0634\u06ce\u06a9<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0626\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0695\u06c6\u0698\u0647\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u062c\u06ce\u06af\u06cc\u0631<\/sup> \u0628\u0648\u0648<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0634\u06ce\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u062c\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0647\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u0646\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup>.<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0626\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u06b5\u06c6\u06af\u06c6\u0695\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u0627\u062a\u06ce\u06a9\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0628\u0648\u0648<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u0628\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u062f\u06d5\u0645\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0634\u06c6\u0631\u0634\u06cc<\/sup> \u0661\u0669\u0667\u0669<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062a\u06d5\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0646\u0648\u0648\u06a9\u06d5\u0634\u060c<\/sup> \u0646\u06d5<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u067e\u06d5\u06cc\u0695\u06d5\u0648<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u067e\u0695\u06c6\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc<\/sup> \u0632\u06c6\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u06c6\u0698\u0647\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0646\u06d5<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0695\u06ce\u062a\u06c6\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u06ce\u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0648<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06d5\u062f\u0627\u060c<\/sup> \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0631\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u201c<\/sup>\u0641\u06d5\u0632\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06d5\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0648\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646<\/sup>\u201d <\/sup>\u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0698\u0645\u0648\u0648\u0646<\/sup> \u0646\u06d5\u0628\u0648\u0648\u06d5<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0626\u06d5\u06af\u06d5\u0631\u0686\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u06d5\u0646\u06af\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0698\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0645\u06d5\u0695<\/sup> \u0642\u06c6\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u0633\u06c6<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0648\u060c<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06d5\u0648\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0648\u062a\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u062e\u06c6\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0698\u06d5\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0645\u0627\u0641\u06cc<\/sup> \u0686\u0627\u0631\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u062e\u06c6\u0646\u0648\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0646<\/sup> \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0628\u06ce\u062a<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0626\u06d5\u0648<\/sup> \u0642\u06d5\u06b5\u0634\u062a\u06d5<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u06ce\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u06ce\u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0632\u06c6\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06a9\u0631\u06ce\u062a<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0631\u06a9\u06d5\u0648\u062a\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u062a\u06ce\u06af\u06d5\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0646<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0639\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup>–<\/sup>\u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u06c6\u0698\u0647\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u062a\u060c<\/sup> \u0695\u0627\u06af\u0631\u062a\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u0627\u06b5\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u0632\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0626\u06ce\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0686\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u06af\u0631\u062a\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06d5\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06c6\u067e\u06c6\u0644\u06d5\u062a\u06cc\u06a9<\/sup> (<\/sup>\u0698\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u06c6\u0698\u0627\u0646\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0648<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648\u062e\u06c6<\/sup>– <\/sup>\u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0631\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0628\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> 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\u062a\u06d5\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0632\u06cc<\/sup> \u201c <\/sup>\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06d5\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup>–<\/sup>\u062f\u06d5\u0648\u06b5\u06d5\u062a\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646<\/sup>\u201d <\/sup>\u0644\u06d5\u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0633\u062a\u06ce\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u201c<\/sup>\u067e\u06d5\u06cc\u0648\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0646\u06d5\u062a\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646<\/sup>\u201d<\/sup>\u06d5<\/sup>.<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0633\u06d5\u0642\u0627\u0645\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0641\u06ce\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u0645<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0634\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u067e\u0631\u06c6\u0633\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c<\/sup> \u0634\u06d5\u0631\u0639\u06cc\u06d5\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce<\/sup> \u062f\u0631\u0627<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u0639\u06ce\u0631\u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0634\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/sup> \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u0645<\/sup> 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\u06a9\u06c6\u0645\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0626\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u062f\u06d5\u0633\u062a\u0647\u06ce\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u0627\u0641\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5\u06b5\u06a9\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06af\u0631\u062a\u0646<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u06d5\u0648\u062a<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u0648\u060c<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u062e\u06c6\u06cc\u060c<\/sup> \u0646\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0695\u06c6\u0698\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0627\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u06b5\u06a9\u0648\u0648<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627<\/sup> 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\u0633\u06d5\u06cc\u0631<\/sup> \u0628\u06a9\u0631\u06ce\u062a<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u062f\u06d5\u0633\u062a\u06ce\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06ce\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0648\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0645\u06d5\u0628\u06d5\u0633\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u06a9\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u06c6\u0698\u0647\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0634<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06a9\u0631\u06ce\u062a<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u06cc\u0631<\/sup> \u0628\u06a9\u0631\u06ce\u062a<\/sup>.<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u06d5\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06d5\u062a<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u06c6\u0698\u0647\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u061b<\/sup> \u062f\u0648\u0627<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u0648\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u201c<\/sup>\u0698\u0646\u060c<\/sup> \u0698\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06cc<\/sup>\u201d<\/sup>\u060c<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0634\u06ce\u06a9<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup>– <\/sup>\u0626\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0648\u0631\u06cc<\/sup> 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\u201c<\/sup>\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646<\/sup>\u201d <\/sup>\u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0631\u06d5\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06d5\u06cc\u062f\u0627<\/sup> \u0634\u0631\u06c6\u06a4\u06d5<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u06b5\u0628\u06af\u0631\u06ce\u062a<\/sup>. <\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0626\u06ce\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c<\/sup>\u00a0 <\/sup>\u067e\u06ce\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0648\u06d5<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u0648\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u062f\u06d5\u0645\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u06c6\u062f\u06ce\u0695\u0646\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0648\u067e\u06d5<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u062a\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0628\u06d5\u062e\u06c6\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06d5\u0634\u060c<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup>\u00a0 <\/sup>\u0626\u06d5\u06b5\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u0626\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646<\/sup> (Raeff, 1983) <\/sup>\u0648<\/sup> \u062f\u0648\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u0647\u06d5\u0645\u0648\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u060c<\/sup> 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<\/sup>\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c6\u062a\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u0645<\/sup> \u0647\u0627\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u062a<\/sup> \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0648\u0631\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0634<\/sup> \u06af\u0631\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0632\u06c6\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u062f\u06d5\u0633\u062a<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u0646\u0627<\/sup> (Breuilly 1993). <\/sup>\u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0686\u0627\u0648\u0646\u06d5\u06af\u0631\u062a\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0645<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u06b5\u06d5\u0634\u060c<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0646\u0648\u0648\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c<\/sup> \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06c6\u06a9\u0633\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9\u06c6\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u0626\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u062e\u0648\u06ce\u0646\u062f\u06d5\u0648\u0627\u0631<\/sup>– <\/sup>\u062e\u0648\u06b5\u0642\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0648\u06d5<\/sup>. <\/sup>\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06d5<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u06a9\u0631\u06ce<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u0646\u062f<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u06b5\u06cc<\/sup> \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u060c<\/sup> \u0648\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u062f\u06d5\u0631\u06d5\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645\u06cc<\/sup> \u06af\u06d5\u0634\u06d5<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u06af\u06c6\u0695\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u06d5\u0648\u062a\u06cc<\/sup> \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u067e\u06ce\u06cc<\/sup> \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06af\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06cc<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u06d5<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0698\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u06ce<\/sup> \u0628\u06a9\u0631\u06ce\u062a\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u062e\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u0646<\/sup> \u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u062f\u06c6\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0695\u06ce\u06af\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9<\/sup> \u0628\u06c6<\/sup> \u0695\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9\u06c6\u0631\u0633\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u06a9\u06d5<\/sup> \u062d\u06cc\u0632\u0628\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u060c<\/sup> \u0628\u06ce<\/sup> \u0626\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06a9\u06d5\u0648\u0646\u06d5<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u06af\u06ce\u0698\u0627\u0648\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u06b5\u06af\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u06d5<\/sup> \u0626\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5<\/sup> \u062c\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u06af\u06d5\u0634\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0646\u0627\u0695\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u067e\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0633<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5<\/sup> \u0695\u06d5\u0646\u06af\u06cc<\/sup> \u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u062a\u06d5\u0648\u0627\u0648<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c<\/sup> \u0648\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/sup> \u0648<\/sup> \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06d5\u06cc<\/sup> \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/sup> \u062e\u06c6\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0628\u06b5\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u06ce\u06a9\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06d5\u0631\u0641\u0631\u06d5\u062a\u0631\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u060c<\/sup> \u0644\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631<\/sup> \u0628\u0646\u06d5\u0645\u0627\u06cc<\/sup> \u0645\u06ce\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/sup> \u0647\u06ce\u0632<\/sup> \u062c\u0648\u0645\u06af\u06d5\u0628\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/sup> \u0628\u06a9\u06d5\u0646<\/sup>.<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u06d5\u0631\u0627\u0648\u06ce\u0632\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Space<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
  2. politicus de facto, & capitibus majestatis agit <\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u00a0<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0686\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    Giddens Anthony, \u201cA Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism\u201d, vol. 1, Power, Property and the State (London: Macmillan, 1981), 5\u20136, 11; see Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence, vol. 2 of A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 120.\u00a0 <\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    John Breuilly, \u201cSovereignty and Boundaries: Modern State Formation and National Identity in Germany,\u201d in National Histories and European History, ed. Mary Fulbrook (London: UCL Press, 1993), 94\u2013140.<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    Rousseau Jean Jacques, \u201cDiscourse on the Origin and Foundation of Inequality,\u201d in Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Discourses and Other Early Political Writings, ed. Victor Gourevitch (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).\u00a0 <\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    John Agnew, Hegemony: The New Shape of Global Power (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2005), 42.\u00a0 <\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    Robert D. Sack, \u201cHomo Geographicus\u201d: A Framework for Action, Awareness and Moral Concern (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 272n1.\u00a0 <\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    Claude Raffestin, \u201cRep\u00e8res pour une th\u00e9orie de la territorialit\u00e9 humaine,\u201d in R\u00e9seaux territoriaux, ed. Gabriel Dupuy, Georges Amar, and Bernard Barraque, 263\u201379 (Caen: Paradigme, 1988), 264.\u00a0 <\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    Foucault Michel, \u201cQuestions \u00e0 Michel Foucault sur la g\u00e9ographie,\u201d in Dits et \u00e9crits, 1954\u20131988, vol. 3, ed. Daniel Defert and Fran\u00e7ois Ewald (Paris: Gallimard, 1994), 32; and Michel Foucault, \u201cQuestions on Geography,\u201d trans. Colin Gordon, in Space, Knowledge and Power, ed. Jeremy Crampton and Stuart Elden (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2007), 176 <\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    Bacon Francis, \u201cThe Works of Francis Bacon\u201d, ed. James Spedding, Robert Leslie Ellis, and Douglas Denon Heath, 7 vols. (London: Longmans, 1862\u201372), 6:445<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    J. Torrance Kirby, \u201cRichard Hooker, Reformer and Platonist\u201d (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2005), ix; see W. D. J. Cargill-Thompson, \u201cThe Philosopher of the \u2018Politic Society\u2019: Richard Hooker as a Political Thinker,\u201d in his Studies in the Reformation: Luther to Hooker, ed. C. W. Dugmore, 131\u201391 (London: Athlone Press, 1980).<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Stuart Elden, \u201cThe Birth of Territory\u201d, the university of Chicago press, 2013<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    Elden, \u2018Missing the Point: Globalization, Deterritorialization and the Space of the World\u2019, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 30 (2005) pp. 8\u201319.<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Ernest Gellner,1994. \u201cNations and Nationalism\u201d. Oxford: Blackwell. <\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    Marc Raeff, \u201cThe Well-Ordered Police State\u201d: Social and Institutional Change through Law in the Germanies and Russia, 1600\u20131800 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983).<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0631<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u06af\u06c6\u06a4\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u06cc\u0634\u06a9 \u0698\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06d5 \u0667\u0661\u00a0 \u0626\u0627\u0648\u0695\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9 \u0644\u06d5 \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06cc \u00ab\u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06cc_\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u00bb \u0648\u06d5\u06a9 \u062a\u06d5\u06a9\u0646\u06c6\u0644\u06c6\u0698\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u06ce\u0632 \u0644\u06d5 \u0645\u0627\u06b5\u067e\u06d5\u0695\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0644\u06ce\u06a9\u06c6\u06b5\u06cc\u0646\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 – \u062a\u06cc\u0634\u06a9 \u0628\u06b5\u0627\u0648\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u062a\u06d5\u0648\u06d5: 17.02.2025 \u062e\u06c6\u0631\u0647\u06d5\u06b5\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0695\u06ce\u0646\u0627\u0633 (\u0662\u0660\u0662\u0665):\u0626\u0627\u0648\u0695\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06d5\u0648\u06d5\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9 \u0644\u06d5 \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06cc \u00ab\u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06cc_\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u00bb \u0648\u06d5\u06a9 \u062a\u06d5\u06a9\u0646\u06c6\u0644\u06c6\u0698\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u06ce\u0632\u00a0. \u06af\u06c6\u06a4\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u06cc\u0634\u06a9\u060c \u0662\u0666\u060c \u0667\u0661\u060c \u0644. \u0666\u0663\u2013\u0665\u0664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.69939\/TISHK0071 DOI\u00a010.69939\/TISHK0071 \u0634\u0631\u06c6\u06a4\u06d5\u06cc \u067e\u06d5\u06cc\u0648\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u06ce\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06d5\u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u0628\u06d5\u062a \u0644\u06d5\u0633\u06d5\u0631 \u06af\u06c6\u06cc \u0632\u06d5\u0648\u06cc \u0644\u06d5\u06af\u06d5\u06b5 \u062f\u0648\u0648 \u0686\u06d5\u0645\u06a9\u06cc \u00ab\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0633\u00bb \u0648 \u00ab\u0633\u06d5\u0631\u0648\u06d5\u0631\u06cc\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u00bb\u060c\u00a0 \u06a9\u06d5 \u0644\u06d5 \u0633\u06d5\u0631\u062f\u06d5\u0645\u06cc […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"quote","meta":{"tishk_title_en":"","tishk_pod_youtube":"","tishk_pod_topic":"","tishk_pod_writer":"","tishk_pod_reader":"","tishk_pod_duration":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[405,407],"class_list":["post-5069","post","type-post","status-publish","format-quote","hentry","category-16","tag-405","tag-407","post_format-post-format-quote"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tishk.org\/pe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5069","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tishk.org\/pe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tishk.org\/pe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tishk.org\/pe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tishk.org\/pe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5069"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tishk.org\/pe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5069\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tishk.org\/pe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5069"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tishk.org\/pe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5069"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tishk.org\/pe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5069"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}